Possible Reasons of the Pandemic of Parkinson’s Disease
Introduction:
This disease has become a pandemic:People with constant neurologic disorders, such as Parkinson’s infection, may experience particularly severe repercussions from SARS-CoV-2 disease and the societal changes brought on by the COVID-19 epidemic. It leads to serious symptoms and enhances the chances of death tolls around the globe and is caused by severe sensitive respiratory syndrome. An analysis of data published in the Journal of Parkinson’s Disease in 2018 suggested that an aging population and the byproducts of industrialization may have contributed to a pandemic of Parkinson’s disease. According to WHO death rate from Parkinson’s disease is increasing day by day than any other neurological infection including Alzheimer’s disease. The main traits of COVID-19 have been ranging from mild fatigue to unbearable fatigue, chest pain, and neurological symptoms. Parkinson’s disease has a complicated, multivariate etiology that affects numerous organs, sufferers tend to be larger than average, and they are more likely to have cardiovascular risk factors.
This is a neurodegenerative disease that is more prevalent in elders, and increased mental burdens and restricted exercise routines adversely affect the motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is characterized by unfavorable changes in a person’s behavior and movement; these symptoms start off mild and then gradually get worse. Along with other potential symptoms, walking and speech become more difficult as time goes on. In 2015 over 6 million people were affected by the pandemic reported in the 2018 review. Additionally, research shows that Parkinson’s disease cases are expected to more than double from 6 million in 2015 to over 12 million by 2040, mainly as a result of the aging factor. In the USA there are 60,000 patients of Parkison disease annually but new research shows that the increase rate of this disease is 50% higher than the previous estimates. The main editor of the Journal of Parkinson’s Disease, Dr. Patrik Brundin, stated in a statement that by 2040, “we can truly talk about a pandemic that will result in increased human suffering, as well as rocketing societal and medical costs.”
Relationship between COVID-19 and Parkinson’s Disease:
PD patients who develop severe COVID-19 may be more likely to not respond to mechanical ventilation if it becomes necessary because PD is linked to weak respiratory muscles, abnormal posture, rigidity of the respiratory muscles, and poor chest wall movement during respiration.
Moreover, it might appear that the existence of chronic inflammation, brought on by cardiovascular risk factors like fatness, hypertension, and end-organ infection, would make PD patients more vulnerable to a cytokine storm when they come into contact with the pathogen accountable for the current pandemic, the severe sensitive respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this disease, pneumonia is prevalent, and PD patients are more susceptible to it than the general population, which increases the chance of a systemic hyperinflammatory reaction to the infection. There may also be connections between dopaminergic neurons and those in charge of the renin-angiotensin system. Due to their increased vulnerability and the fact that fever and delirium are the primary causes of respiratory tract infection and motor impairment in PD patients, people with PD deserve special attention during this pandemic.
Parkison Disease Causes:
A neurological situation called Parkinson’s disorder causes brain cells to gradually deteriorate or ultimately die. Many Parkinson’s disease symptoms are brought on by a decline in neuronal function.
· Genetic changes
· Variations in genes
· Toxins
· Environment-related factors
· The Lewy body
· Microscopic indicators
· Protein in whispers
Signs of PD:
There are multiple symptoms of Parkison disease.
· The limb is trembling.
· sluggish motion
· Stumbling feet and legs
· Stiffness of muscles
· Aching motion
· Minimal movement
· Faulty posture
· Difficulty in speaking, swallowing or chewing
· Unintentional motions
· Blinking
· Skin problems
· Stress and emotional changes
· Urinary issues or constipation
Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease:
New medications are approved for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease that includes carbidopa/levodopa formulations, dopamine agonists, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors, monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors, anticholinergics, and amantadine. There are a number of things that you can do on your own to cure this disorder, including exercise, physical therapy, or talk therapy, as well as other things that deal with the movement side of things such as sleep or constipation.
Drugs to treat Parkinson’s disease:
Parkinson’s disease symptoms can be addressed with medications in the following ways:
· Increasing the brain’s dopamine levels.
· influencing more brain chemicals, such as neurotransmitters, which convey information between brain cells.
· symptom management for non-movement actions.
The main therapy for the treatment is levodopa which is used to produce dopamine. Sometimes levodopa is taken along with another prescription called carbidopa, which reduces the dangerous effects of levodopa therapy like nausea and vomiting. Dopamine agonists, enzyme inhibitors, amantadine, and anticholinergic drugs are given to patients for the treatment of PD. Deep brain stimulation is given to patients who don’t feel well after taking medications. In this process, the doctor implants electrodes into the parts of the brain that control movement in a manner that may help to control tremors, slow movement, and severity.
Carbidopa-levodopa is delivered in the form of an inhaled prescription under the brand name Inbrija. In controlling symptoms that develop when oral drugs abruptly stop working during the day, it might be useful. For patients with more severe Parkinson’s disease who still respond to carbidopa-levodopa but who experience numerous variations in their responsiveness, duopa is prescribed. Duopa is constantly pumped into the body, maintaining steady blood levels for both medications.
MAO B blockers. These drugs contain safinamide (Xadago), rasagiline (Azilect), and selegiline (Zelapar). By blocking the brain enzyme monoamine oxidase B (MAO B), they help in preventing the disintegration of brain dopamine. Brain dopamine is metabolized by this enzyme. Levodopa that is taken along with selegiline may help avoid wear-off.
Conclusion:
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative situation that damages the brain cells in charge of controlling movement. According to data analysis published in the Journal of Parkinson’s Disease in 2018, a pandemic of Parkinson’s disease may have been fueled by an aging population and industrialization’s consequences. Additionally, according to a study, the number of cases of Parkinson’s disease is predicted to more than double from 6 million in 2015 to over 12 million by 2040, primarily due to the aging population.
Moreover, it might appear that the existence of chronic inflammation, brought on by cardiovascular risk factors, would make PD patients more vulnerable to a cytokine storm when they come into contact with the pathogen accountable for the current pandemic, the severe sensitive respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Many Parkison disease symptoms are brought on by a decline in neuronal function, including genetic changes, variations in the genes, toxins, environmental-related factors, the Lewy body, microscopic indicators, and protein in whispers.” PD modified home equipment, adjustments, and routine habit combination may allow patients to manage the situation well both during and after the COVID-19 pandemic,” according to the study.